Ying, Meiling PhD; Thirukumaran, Caroline P. MBBS, MHA, PhD; Temkin-Greener, Helena PhD; Joynt Maddox, Karen E. MD, MPH; Holloway, Robert G. MD, MPH; Li, Yue PhD
Abstract
Importance
The Medicare Bundled Payments for Care Improvement (BPCI) model 3 of 2013 holds participating skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) responsible for all episode costs. There is limited evidence regarding SNF-specific outcomes associated with BPCI.
Objective
To examine the association between SNF BPCI participation and patient outcomes and across-facility differences in these outcomes among Medicare beneficiaries undergoing lower extremity joint replacement (LEJR).
Design, Setting, and Participants
Observational difference-in-differences (DID) study of 2013–2017 for 330 unique persistent-participating SNFs, 146 unique dropout SNFs, and 14,028 unique eligible nonparticipating SNFs.
Main Outcome Measures
Rehospitalization within 30 and 90 days after SNF admission, and rate of successful discharge from the SNF to the community.
Results
Total 636,355 SNF admissions after LEJR procedures were identified for 582,766 Medicare patients [mean (SD) age, 76.81 (9.26) y; 424,076 (72.77%) women]. The DID analysis showed that for persistent-enrollment SNFs, no BPCI-related changes were found in readmission and successful community discharge rates overall, but were found for their subgroups. Specifically, under BPCI, the 30-day readmission rate decreased by 2.19 percentage-points for White-serving SNFs in the persistent-participating group relative to those in the nonparticipating group, and by 1.75 percentage-points for non-Medicaid–dependent SNFs in the persistent-participating group relative to those in the nonparticipating group; and the rate of successful community discharge increased by 4.44 percentage-points for White-serving SNFs in the persistent-participating group relative to those in the nonparticipating group, whereas such relationship was not detected among non-White–serving SNFs, leading to increased between-facility differences (differential DID=−7.62). BPCI was not associated with readmission or successful community discharge rates for dropout SNFs, overall, or in subgroup analyses.
Conclusions
Among Medicare patients receiving LEJR, BPCI was associated with improved outcomes for White-serving/non-Medicaid–dependent SNFs but not for other SNFs, which did not help reduce or could even worsen the between-facility differences.